Publications

Introduction: The case analysis method is widely used in evaluating dolphin assisted activities due to the lack of research participants. Despite other present diagnostic features adults with major depressive disorder experience psychomotor changes, dysphoria, anhedonia, impaired concentration, and suicidal thoughts. Increasing studies assess the positive effect of proprioceptive exercises in various depressive cases.

Methods: 14 adults diagnosed major depressive disorder included in this case study between September 2022 to April 2024. A two-week proprioceptive dolphin assisted activity program was applied for each with a two-day break after half applied activities, in total 10 activities for each were organised. Proprioceptive dolphin assisted activities varied from heavy muscle work to muscles and joints pressure which was held in a special therapeutic pool, where adults wore wetsuits. The SF-36 scale was used, with levels of QoL compared among: (a) before dolphin assisted activities, (b) after two-week proprioceptive dolphin assisted activities, (c) in a year after two-week proprioceptive dolphin assisted activities. The MyotonPRO portable device was used for measuring muscle tension, biomechanical and viscoelastic properties each day of participation: (a) before dolphin assisted activities and (b) after dolphin assisted activities. The MyotonPRO was applied to measure the upper (descending) part of the trapezius muscle, lateral part of the deltoids muscle, middle point of the flexor carpi radialis muscle, middle point of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle, the gastrocnemius muscle (plural gastrocnemii), and quadriceps femoris muscle.

Results: The measuring results of SF-36 scale showed statistically significant changes in 5 subscales out of 8 (Friedman’s test p-value less than 0.05) and in one more scale a partially significant change (p < 0.1). The physical activity that increased after dolphin therapy (from 68.5 to 85) remained the same in one year. There were no statistically significant changes in role limitations due to physical health. However, role limitations due to emotional problems and partially significant changes were recorded, the situation slightly worsened a year later, but there was no statistically significant deterioration. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test was used to compare two dependent samples measured by the MyotonPRO. Although the improvement was recorded in almost all muscle groups, statistically significant changes were observed only in trapezius muscle md p right, measuring stiffness, relaxation and creep; trapezius md p left measuring frequency, stiffness, relaxation and decrement; and deltoids muscle left, measuring frequency, stiffness and relaxation, i.e., the p-values of Wilcoxon test are less than 0.05.

Conclusion: Two-weeks of proprioceptive dolphin assisted activities for adults with major depression have statistically significant long-term change in better physical parameters. Emotional betterment parameters were less stable. The quick reactivity of trapezius muscle revealed that dolphin assisted activities acts as stress relief, and deltoids muscle as relief of negative emotions, such as fear and anger.

Keywords: depression, dolphin assisted activities, quality of life, tension, biomechanical and viscoelastic properties

This study investigated the therapeutic effect of proprioceptive DAT activities on muscle tension, biomechanical and viscoelastic properties and QoL in MDD subjects. Applying two-weeks of proprioceptive DAT activities for MDD adults had statistically significant and quick reactivity in TM and DM. The quick reactivity of TM revealed that DAT activities act as stress relief, and DM as relief of negative emotions, such as fear and anger. Even though other longer-reactivity muscle groups did not manifest statistical value before and after DAT, evaluating MDD muscle parameters with healthy subjects, important change in muscle properties development prognosis and its relationship to common proprioceptive body awareness and increase in QoL was set. The longer-reacting muscle groups such as GM, BM in comparison to muscle tension, biomechanical and viscoelastic properties in two-week DAT program significantly approached healthy subjects’ parameters. QoL parameters showed a long-lasting effect in keeping and sustaining physical activity during DAT and one year later. Overall, the study manifests that social life, pain, and health bettered in the two-week DAT program and one year later worsened but remained better if compared to initial status. Despite increasing number of studies evaluating proprioceptive exercise as an additional or direct method for managing depressive symptoms, our study is the first one attempting to measure a long-term effect. Main postural and back muscles and phasic muscles positively changed, also the pattern and strategy of DAT allows to hypothesize positive additional vestibular input. However, further causal investigation is necessary, particularly involving a broader range of participants with different MDD history, age and social factors. QoL parameters showed a long-lasting effect in keeping and sustaining physical activity during DAT and one year later. Overall, the study manifests that social life, pain, and health bettered in the two-week DAT program and one year later worsened but remained bettered if compared to initial status. However, further causal investigation is necessary, particularly involving a broader range of participants with different MDD history, age and social factors.